Illuminated Manuscript Origins the Book of Kells free essay sample

Of all the unrestrained works of lit up text, the Book of Kells is one of the most great and renowned because of the degree of its improvement and staggeringly nitty gritty craftsmanship. The writers and area of the Book of Kells are obscure, yet there are numerous speculations about its beginnings since it contains numerous likenesses to Insular compositions. 1. History of Illuminated Manuscripts The timeframe of 1066-1485 AD is named the Middle Ages. During this time, all books were composed by hand and for the most part the hands of priests. The principal enlightened original copies were loaded up with strict content from the Bible. Afterward, other significant books of writing, governmental issues, and chasing were enlightened in line with rich benefactors. During the Medieval timespan, the progress among craftsmans and craftsmen was not yet made. Priests painted to commend God instead of to increase singular acknowledgment. The topic was the primary focal point of the craftsmanship, not the craftsman. We will compose a custom article test on Lit up Manuscript Origins: the Book of Kells or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This mentality in making work enormously influenced the nature of lit up original copies; craftsmen represented considerable authority in one explicit field and became specialists in their craftsmanship. For instance, in the making of lit up original copies, a monk’s work would be committed to being a craftsman or a copyist. Each page would need to be deliberately arranged out so as to configuration space for text and pictures. Since there are such a large number of events where text and picture are so interlaced, the â€Å"identity among copyist and craftsman is among the key unanswered inquiries regarding the composition. † (Trinity) Many speculations accept various craftsmen and copyists were associated with the making of the Book of Kells. Others state that a few craftsmen were additionally recorders. Specialists, students of history, and even government authorities have discussed these speculations. They all incorporate covering components and every contention contains adequate information to help the hypothesis. The genuine inception of the Book of Kells will be hard to find. 2. Namesake and Theories of Origins While the spot of beginning and date of consummation are obscure, there are numerous components in this book identify with other lit up compositions. The Book of Kells is emphatically accepted to have been composed by Irish priests. â€Å"At least three copyists and three artists (who might possibly have been simply the recorders) have been distinguished at the work. . . (256, Megaw) One hypothesis of starting points holds that the book was finished and safeguarded in the town of Kells, Country Meath in Ireland during the Viking intrusions in the early ninth century. Different speculations accept that the book was begun in Iona and afterward shipped to Kells to be done in security. On account of the numerous hypotheses that include Kells, this town turned into the most notable namesake of this original copy. However, the Book of Kells is otherwise called the Book of Columba and the Gospel of Columba. This title began from an Irish priest named Columcille, who established more than two dozen monestaries. Regardless of where or how it occurred, Colum Cille turned into a significant pioneer in the making of the Book of Kells. To maintain a strategic distance from war and governmental issues, he fled from Ireland to Iona with different priests. In 561 AD, he established another religious community in Iona that â€Å"became the standard place of an enormous devout confederation. † (Trinity). In numerous hypotheses of starting points, this religious community is accepted to have been the spot of culmination of the Book of Kells. The Gospels of the Book of Kells are written in the old Latin, which was utilized by the Irish Catholic Church. Colum Cille had a place with this congregation and spoke to it in his preacher work across Europe. These are only a couple of the dabs that interface on the guide that shows the historical backdrop of his original copy. 4. Irish Gospels The presentations of lit up compositions normally contain perplexing arrangements of joined geometric examples known as ‘carpet pages’. On account of lit up Gospels, a cross was the focal structure of these enriching designs. The fundamental content of the Book of Kells is perceived as a blended Irish adaptation of the accounts as a result of the likenesses being used of plans. Its introduction is like the book of Durrow and Armach in the style of the page’s format. Every gospel is presented by a whole page plan that speaks to the evangelists’ images. For instance, the book of Durrow presents the Gospel of John with a point by point, Celtic-style lion. The renowned Chi-Rho page in the Book of Kells is the presentation of Christ’s geneaology. While the detail in the Chi-Rho page outperforms that of the lion, the two structures contain comparative employments of spirals, ties, and joining plans. Additionally, the shading scope of the book of Kells is similar to the Irish Lindisfarne and Lichfield accounts and it concurs with the entire gathering of isolated original copies in the general pattern of its design. (213, Henry) For instance, one of the most seasoned Insular plans is a winding. Other Irish original copies use networks or straightforward bends to brighten the winding while the book of Kells utilizes expound examples of creatures and individuals. Other Insular plans incorporate joining, precise examples, and complex bunches. 5. Different Artists While the Book of Kells might be unquestionably recognized as an Insular original copy, the quantity of writers is as yet subtle. â€Å"Within the gathering of original copies delivered from isolated conventions, there has consistently been trouble recognizing Irish compositions from the Anglo-Saxton compositions. † (74, Brown) The writers of the Book of Kells could have been from various foundations and utilized distinctive content sources. When contrasting the Book of Durrow with the Book of Kells, there is proof that proposes the Kells’ Gospels depend on more than one composition text. 80, Brown) This could recommend that various craftsmen dealt with the composition. The first content could have been lost over the many years it took to finish the Book of Kells. 6. Truth from Fiction Regardless of where the Book of Kells began or who was associated with its creation, it can legitimately be distinguished as a composition Insular inceptions composed and lit up by artist ans of the Irish monastaries. The solid likenesses to other Irish lit up accounts and the style of beautification bolsters this hypothesis. Works Cited

Free Essays on Great Depression

The Great Depression and the New Deal. In 1932 very nearly 1500 banks fizzled, 32,00 organizations shut their entryways and one-fourth of the work power in the United States was jobless. In that same year Franklin Delanore Roosevelt was chosen president. He took office in 1933 with the economy and the country in an extreme melancholy. For the initial three years of the Great Depression the administration did very little to assist the economy with recovering. This all changed when FDR and his law based organization took control. This organization started the New Deal. This program united the government and the state governments. The states got government awards, which gave financing for such projects as open works ventures, lodging help, help to families with subordinate kids, joblessness pay and numerous other programs. These projects served to in the end pull the economy and the country out of the Great Depression. The fundamental inquiry is the reason the law based organization and FDR felt these projects would work, and why they felt such an emotional change in the job of the legislature was required. For the appropriate response we should go to a financial specialist by the name of John Maynard Keynes. He built up a financial hypothesis that said that the powers of gracefully and request worked to gradually in a genuine downturn, and the government should step in and help invigorate the economy. This hypothesis got known as Keynesian Economics. As far as the Great Misery the economy was at a genuine awkwardness on the grounds that the open area was sparing more than expected and the business division was not contributing at a common level. Consequently the administration expected to step on and animate the economy. This incitement was found in the activities of the legislature in the New Deal. Slowly however doubtlessly the means taken by the legislature pulled the country's economy out of the downturn it looked for such a large number of years. Fran... Free Essays on Great Depression Free Essays on Great Depression Incredible Depression was during 1929 through 1939. It was one of the hardest time individuals had experienced. There wasn’t cash like there is presently or transportation. I talked with six unique individuals upon the arrival of 1-13-00. I learned numerous things, for example, how there wasn’t food, cash, attire, transportation, and numerous different things during the hour of the downturn. I’m going to reveal to you stories I heard likewise my inclination on things. Upon the arrival of January first of 2000, I had gone to a nursing home by the name of Millers Mary Manor situated on highway 6 in Lake Station. There I had met a wide range of individuals: The clench hand one I’m going to inform you concerning was a man who passed by the name Nicholas Georgeif. His age wasn’t talked about. He was a young person during the downturn. His dad took a shot at the homestead as he went to class during the day. After school him and his sisters and siblings had helped on the ranch. In those days cash was tight you worked for a dollar daily or seventy-five pennies to gather together a knew about steers. He served in the military for a long time and two months. He didn’t talk a lot of how it was or had affected him during the time. He at that point got intrigued by photography and purchased his first camera for a dollar. He revealed to us how he recollected Franklin Roosevelt had assembled a WPA it was a laborers journalists venture. Roosevelt had gave the individuals who didn’t have employments an occupation on the WPA, they took a shot at parkways and streets for around a dollar daily. Additionally Nicholas expressed how he (Roosevelt) set up CC camps. Which is non military personnel conversational corps, for youngsters to remain of the avenues and in the clear. After Nicholas had been out of the military he turned into a picture taker professionally. He likewise had taken pictures of Albert Einstein. To make a long story short†¦ He wasn’t bashful in those days. He approached Einstein’s entryway and expressed what his identity was and needed to snap a photo of him. It went from there†¦ He had snapped the photo met his wi... Free Essays on Great Depression The Great Depression and the New Deal. In 1932 very nearly 1500 banks fizzled, 32,00 organizations shut their entryways and one-fourth of the work power in the United States was jobless. In that same year Franklin Delanore Roosevelt was chosen president. He took office in 1933 with the economy and the country in an extreme gloom. For the initial three years of the Great Depression the legislature did very little to assist the economy with recovering. This all changed when FDR and his equitable organization took control. This organization started the New Deal. This program united the government and the state governments. The states got government awards, which gave financing for such projects as open works ventures, lodging help, help to families with subordinate kids, joblessness remuneration and numerous other programs. These projects served to in the long run pull the economy and the country out of the Great Depression. The fundamental inquiry is the reason the vote based organization and FDR felt these projects would work, and why they felt such an emotional change in the job of the administration was required. For the appropriate response we should go to a financial specialist by the name of John Maynard Keynes. He built up a financial hypothesis that said that the powers of gracefully and request worked to gradually in a genuine downturn, and the government should step in and help invigorate the economy. This hypothesis got known as Keynesian Economics. As far as the Great Sorrow the economy was at a genuine irregularity in light of the fact that the open part was sparing more than expected and the business area was not contributing at a commonplace level. In this way the administration expected to step on and invigorate the economy. This incitement was found in the activities of the legislature in the New Deal. Slowly however most likely the means taken by the administration pulled the country's economy out of the downturn it looked for such a large number of years. Fran... Free Essays on Great Depression Could the Great Depression of the mid 1920’s to late 1930’s have been forestalled? Would we be able to have forestalled laying off 1/3 of the work power and cause individuals to ask for the lowest pay permitted by law employments during the 1930’s? Would we be able to have forestalled individuals alarm selling their stalks in October of 1929 when the tail showcase slammed? Would it be able to be accused on monetary issues brought to us by WW1? I accept that the Great Depression could have been forestalled and I have the responses to these inquiries and more in the accompanying sections. Numerous individuals thrived in the 1920’s however many didn't. Success was inconsistent mutual the well off got wealthier and the poor got less fortunate. In the event that you were rich you were rich that’s it, however in the event that you were poor you were either a worker or a rancher. Anyway it wasn’t going to remain as such perpetually, on October 24,1929 individuals out of nowhere began selling there stalks. More than 12 million in stalks were lost on one day however New York brokers held the market. After five days October 29, 1929 the market smashed again this time for good loosing over $30 billion was lost individuals named the day dark Tuesday. The answer for this issue would have been extremely basic if the administration at the time had any sound judgment at. All they would need to do is the thing that the administration following up the September 11, 2001 occasion did when everybody began to freeze sell their stocks the president mobilized all the big enchiladas of the nation and made them make a type of open message telling the individuals its alright we don’t need to freeze sell our stocks there is nothing terrible going to happen you don’t need to sell your stalks.... Free Essays on Great Depression Incredible Depression in the United States, most exceedingly awful and longest financial breakdown throughout the entire existence of the cutting edge mechanical world, enduring from the finish of 1929 until the mid 1940s. Starting in the United States, the downturn spread to a large portion of the world’s modern nations, which in the twentieth century had gotten monetarily reliant on each other. The Great Depression saw fast decreases in the creation and offer of products and an unexpected, serious ascent in joblessness. Organizations and banks shut their entryways, individuals lost their occupations, homes, and reserve funds, and many relied upon good cause to endure. In 1933, at the very least point in the downturn, in excess of 15 million Americans-one-fourth of the nation’s workforce-were jobless. The downturn was brought about by various genuine shortcomings in the economy. In spite of the fact that the 1920s showed up on a superficial level to be a prosperous time, pay was unevenly appropriated. The well off made huge benefits, yet an ever increasing number of Americans spent more than they earned, and ranchers confronted low costs and overwhelming obligation. The waiting impacts of World War I (1914-1918) caused financial issues in numerous nations, as Europe battled to pay war obligations and reparations. These issues added to the emergency that started the Great Depression: the sad U.S. securities exchange crash of 1929, which demolished a large number of speculators and pulverized trust in the economy. Proceeding all through the 1930s, the downturn finished in the United States just when gigantic spending for World War II started. The downturn delivered enduring impacts on the United States that are as yet evident the greater part a century after it finished. It prompted the appointment of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who made the projects known as the New Deal to conquer the impacts of the Great Depression. These projects extended government intercession into new regions of social and monetary concerns and made social-help gauges on the national level. The Grea... Free Essays on Great Depression In U.S. history, the extreme monetary emergency as far as anyone knows encouraged by the U.S. securities exchange crash of 1929. In spite of the fact that it shared the essential qualities of other such cri

Pros and Cons of Today's College Education Research Paper

Upsides and downsides of Today's College Education - Research Paper Example Colleges and universities that are in the white collar class are conflicted between these boundaries. Colleges in the top layers have become a safeguard for the minority rare sorts of people who are well-to-do. Going to colleges like Harvard has been left to the rare sorts of people who can stand to pay the over the top expenses. The divisions emerging in foundations of higher learning have come to be seen as a demonstration of might and class, just as a methods by which the American plutarchy copies itself. Donoghue (nd) takes note of that top layers universities’ one year education cost is more than the normal pay of American residents. Colleges in the center and base classes are persistently thinking about spending slices as the administration endeavors to continue the financial plan in the midst of monetary downturns. Spending cuttings have serious ramifications for open schools and colleges as colleges need to raise their education costs, lessen spending or both, in an of fer to cover the hole. Cuts on advanced education financing by the legislature have brought about expanded educational cost across open foundations of higher learning. The intense increments in education costs have hurried the ceaseless patterns of decreasing school reasonableness and moving the expenses to understudies. Leachman et al (2013) note that selecting for a multi year course in an open establishment of higher learning has immediately developed at a snappier pace than the expansion in normal income for as long as 20 years, significantly after duty appropriations and government help. Lessening spending in an offer to coordinate the spending cuts typically brings about ways that bring down the nature of advanced education. A portion of the manners by which open schools and colleges cut spending are, for example, shutting some grounds, getting rid of some course contributions, lessening administrations like PC research centers and library. For outline, following the spending cuts on open organizations of higher learning, Arizona college procedure to cut spending included shutting its eight augmentation grounds encouraging separation learning, just as cutting more that 2000 positions (Donologhue, nd). Open foundations of higher learning offer training to more that seventy five percent of the country’s students. Raising education costs and cutting spending have impactsly affected the nature of instruction. Understudies are leaving school with immense open obligation, yet think that its difficult to acquire an occupation. Moreover, the top layers in United States arrangement of advanced education is bringing about silly alumni, accordingly getting managers go through more cash in retraining graduates to coordinate the activity abilities. This paper presents the weaknesses in the United States colleges, open doors for development, just as suggestions on the most proficient method to dispense with the deficiencies. Inadequacies Price affectability The profit and livelihoods of larger part of residents have stayed unaltered throughout the years, yet education cost increase increases at a similar rate as expansion. This makes college training costly and excessively expensive to various family units whose earnings stays stale while the expense of instruction continues rising. Segment and financial weights, just as, uplifted government review of advanced education cost are bringing about moderate educational cost development in numerous colleges. Continuous national government concessions brings about further weights on colleges since countless understudies are reliant of government awards and credits, the two of which are diminished to a certain

Whats Truly Going on with Scholarship Essay Ending Samples

What's Truly Going on with Scholarship Essay Ending Samples The samples on this list gives you a crystal clear image of exactly what you should be making. Make sure you follow what is on the direction and just use the format that we've presented if there isn't any particular format and structure requirement provided to you. This format must be maintained. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely count on the instructions provided to you. The Secret to Scholarship Essay Ending Samples Quite simply, a strong scholarship essay does not have to produce the conclusion do the double duty of offering additional content and providing an ending statement at the very same time, which is characteristic of an extremely brief essay. This advice is also critical for essays in which you don't take a position but present a number of feasible claims to be able to demonstrate your understanding or interest in a certain matter. Both examples handle the ex act same theme (sick parent) but utilize various approaches. Get your own benefits and even use the idea in order to produce the appropriate concluding meant for all of the general newspaper. A conclusion is an excellent location for you to explain the way the scholarship will help you achieve your targets. College education is extremely vital for my future. Therefore, awarding me the scholarship will help me to find the education essential to enhance the lives of the people whom I work for each day in my community based group along with in my field of public wellbeing. Students that are looking for scholarship essay examples about career goals should keep reading this section. All About Scholarship Essay Ending Samples The very first step to any essay writing is to select a subject of interest. There are a number of ways to conclude your essay in a potent way. This is one particular way of creating your essay memorable. When these essays can appear to be a little step towa rd your future, they're a step nonetheless. Inside this essay, one particular sentence has 72 words. The very first sentence of an essay has to be award-winning. In summary, the meat of the essay was not there. It's simple to point out an essay that's been written solely for the interest of it. Pick a tone that is suitable for the essay. What type of further remarks you select will depend on what seems most appropriate to your specific essay. Vital Pieces of Scholarship Essay Ending Samples Don't use any fancy fonts as it can produce the essay seem informal. Writing an excellent article conclusion can appear to be a terrific apparent together with uncomplicated factor during your entire essay making task. Usually it isn't sufficient to name the topic of the essay in the title. The outline is essential for any of paper. Bear in mind that all scholarship applications are different, which means you might need to design your essay to satisfy those particular requirements. Being invited for a scholarship application is an awesome experience that is why you have to make the absolute most out of it. There is nobody way to compose a winning scholarship application. As a consequence, their scholarship applications become rejected. The 5-Minute Rule for Scholarship Essay Ending Samples Keep these suggestions in mind the next time you compose an essay. You don't need to possess the very best writing skills as a way to be creative and compose an effective essay. When you figure these things out, you'll have no trouble composing this essay in any way. Attempt to catch reader's attention from the beginning. Usually nearly all the essay should concentrate on your own position, so don't get bogged down in refuting different positions at length. This is likely to make your essay stick out from the herd of sheep. Winning essays often rely on a broad range of relevant and proper evidence. A scholarship essay could be intimidating to make initially, particularly if you don't know about the means on the way it is simple to create this document. Finding the Best Scholarship Essay Ending Samples The reader will be more i nclined to choose the applicant for a finalist in the essay review approach. The ending of your scholarship application essay has become the most significant part the piece. There are various letter documents and essay examples that are employed in the business of education. In order to earn a scholarship thank you letter much easier to write, we've included some samples for your review. What Scholarship Essay Ending Samples Is - and What it Is Not There are not many main ways to make your scholarship essay conclusion. It's particularly important to go past the overall theme where all contenders are responding to the exact prompt. To have the very best chance at winning scholarships, you must understand how to begin your essay off perfect. Composing a suitable career goals essay can be difficult should you not actually have any ambitions. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Scholarship Essay Ending Samples Scholarship sponsors start looking for applicants with vision a nd motivation, so they may ask about your targets and aspirations. Along with telling them what you need to do in the future, tell them how their scholarship can help you do it. As you probably already know, applying for college is a great deal of work. Applying for college takes quite a bit of work. Scholarship Essay Ending Samples Secrets While scholarship essay format won't provide you any credentials, they need to be able to steer you properly on the best way to compose the appropriate essay. To learn to compose an excellent scholarship essay you have to note one great thing. Below are a few typical scholarship essay questions. 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Prison Rights Given and Taken Away Essay - 1464 Words

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Male Masculinity Gender Roles - 2013 Words

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Process Design and Economics Apple Inc.

Question: You are an Operations Manager for one of the companies or organisations listed below, Apple Halliburton BBC LIDL NHS You are currently reviewing the product portfolio in order to introduce a new or modify an existing product/service. Assignment Task Design or modify a product or service for your chosen organisation. You are to report on the following: An introduction to the product or service Detail of the importance of process design on the product or service The overall aim and objectives of the product/service using process design Stages of product/service to illustrate your design concept Analysis of the impact of performance objectives on the design Your report should include relevant academic models to support your analysis. Answer: Introduction This report is focusing on the logistic and operation management of Apple, Inc. This report is emphasising the importance of the process design on the products. The chosen product for this report is iPhone 6S Gold, which newly introduced by Apple in global market (Apple 2016). The aim of this report is to investigate the impact of process design on the product performance. Moreover, this report is paying attention on modifying the process design for the product. In order to modify the process design of the product, this report will analyse the current issues of iPhone 6S Gold in relation with process design. Process design refers to the systematic process in which an organization introduces innovative products or service to the market (Galindo and Batta 2013). This process is diversified in two separated aspects, which are related with each other. One is product design and another process is producing the product as per chancing needs and requirements of the targeted consumers. Product details Apple iPhone S6 Gold is a newly launched mobile device of Apple, which is preloaded with iOS 9 and upgradable to iOS 9.2.1. Apart from that, this device is using Apple A9 chip set and Dual-core 1.84 GHz twister processor. The screen dimension of this device is 138.3*67.1 mm, which is the most recent in mobile phone industry. This device supports a Nano SIM card of CDMA/GSM/EVDO/HSPA/LTE technology. The screen size of this device is 4.7 inches with 750*1334 pixels resolution. The camera features of this device supports full HD video recording. The primary camera is 12 MP, which supports 4K video recording. Apart from that, the product is consisting of 5 MP of secondary camera. In order to enhance the battery performance of this device, Apple has given a Li-Po battery with 1715 mAh, which allows the users to get a 240 hours standby battery life in third generation network. Moreover, this device is having many other added features such as noise reduction, focal length adjustment and man y more. In addition, this product is offering a high security to the users, which is ensuring that the files stored to the device are safe and secure from external threats such as hacking. Moreover, Apple is providing 10 GB of cloud storage, which is beneficial for the users. There are two variation of storage, one is coming with 64 GB of internal storage and another is coming with 128 GB of storage (Apple 2016). Importance of process design In this competitive era, the major aim of the organizations is to create a value proposition among the targeted consumers. Therefore, companies are trying to influence consumers touch point regarding how the product should looks or feels like (Dekker, Bloemhof and Mallidis 2012). The needs and demand of the consumers is changing rapidly in this era and therefore, consumers are seeking for new inventions rather than the traditional products or services. In case of a product manufactures, especially in case of mobile phone manufactures, it is highly important to adopt innovation for attracting consumers (Gunasekaran and Ngai 2012). Therefore, the process design is the most important factor for following a systematic way of product design. The process design is having several stages such as concept generation, screening of the concept, preliminary stage of design, improvement of the design and final design (Towler and Sinnott 2012). Now, these steps are having different importance, which needs to follow for successful invention. For an example, an organization should have the patent the concept for avoiding threat of innovation theft. In order to generate an effective concept for the product, it is highly important for the company to investigate consumers needs and demand (Davis et al. 2015). Therefore, it can be said that an effective process design helps an organization in gaining competitive advantages. The second phase of process design is supply chain management, which is highly important for maintaining product availability among the targeted market (Hessel et al. 2012). After introducing the product, the company needs to aware the consumers regarding how the consumers will be able to avail the product. In this process, an effective layout of supply chain is required, which is an important part of the process design. Aim and objective of the product using process design The major aim of Apple iPhone S6 Gold is to utilise the process design for acquiring high market share. Apart from that, Apple is aiming to increase organizational profitability during the maturity stage of the product. Apple has protected the innovation with the help of legal procedure, which is effectively helping the company in maintaining business sustainability in competitive market (Leane et al. 2013). Apart from that, using an effective process design, the company will be able to introduce the most innovative product among the targeted market, which will make the consumers more loyal for the company. Following are the objectives of Apple, which can be fulfilled with the help of an effective process design. To build the new concept as per consumers requirements To make the primary design and further improvement for manufacturing the product To promote the product among the targeted market To establish an effective supply chain management process for increase product availability Stage of product to illustrate process design The company has introduced Apple iPhone S6 Gold in 2015, September 19th. Since then, this product is attracting the consumers by its innovative features and attractive built. Moreover, this product is elegant in looks, which is the major reason for what the consumers have accepted this product as the best among the market (Stoller et al. 2013). The primary stage after the product release is known as the introductory stage. In this stage, Apple has conducted promotion for increasing product awareness among the targeted market. In order to increase the awareness among the targeted market, the company has adopted effective advertisement and promotional strategies heading towards the growth stage. The company has achieved the growth stage within two months after launching the product. During this stage, Apple has experienced high sales for this product (Kralisch et al. 2013). Thereafter, the product is on the maturity stage in which the product is failing to attract consumers towards the products. The reason behind being matured in such a short period is competitiveness of the market. Rival organizations are repeatedly introducing new technologies for attracting consumers and therefore, consumers are paying attention to the other brands, which is negatively affecting organizational profitability of Apple Inc (Estrada et al. 2012). Currently, Apple iPhone S6 Gold is on the maturity phase and the company is restructuring their product design for returning to the introductory stage. The activities for leading the product towards introductory stage again, Apple needs to incorporate new technology to the product before the product goes to the decline stage. Figure 1: Product Life cycle of iPhone S6 Gold (Source: Created by the author) The above-mentioned product life cycle of Apple iPhone S6 Gold is showing that this product needs improvement in product design for attracting consumers interest. Therefore, curtain area of this product needs improvement in immediate basis (Zhang et al. 2014). In order to attract consumers in global market, the product needs some added features and variation as well. For example, a new version of this devise needs to be introduced for attracting new consumers. Apart from that, interest of existing consumers can also be increased by following this particular strategy (Schoenecker et al. 2013). Following is the product design for leading the product towards introductory stage of product life cycle. Camera features: Currently, this product is having a 8 MP of primary camera with dual LED flash, which is ensuring high quality of pictures in low light as well. However, this product is not having that good secondary camera (Sharifzadeh 2013). The major weakness of this product is the secondary camera is not having flash. Therefore, the product design will incorporate a flashing technology for secondary camera. Apart from that, the new version of Apple S6 Gold will be consisting of high quality of 21 MP of primary camera and 15 MP of secondary camera. Along with that, the user of this device will be able to adjust the focal length and aperture of the camera while taking pictures through this device (Grbl, Walter and Haider 2012). Build of the product: The current version of Apple iPhone S6 is having a slick built. The dimension of the product is 138.1*67*6.9 mm. The newly launched product of this device will be more attractive in terms of built and therefore, it will attract more consumers (Ouattara et al. 2012). The screen size of the current device is 4.7 inches and the coming version of this device will consisting of 5 inches of display. The larger display will affect the battery life of this device and therefore, Apple will consider the battery capacity for the new device. Primary memory: In current market, many organizations are introducing products with high primary memory, which is effective for improving product performance in an effective manner (Kralisch et al. 2013). Therefore, product design of Apple iPhone S6 will incorporate 2 GB of RAM to the product for retaining existing and new consumers from competitive market. Apart from that, the device will also include a graphics memory, which will increase gaming performance of the device. Battery performance: Currently, the device is offering 1715 mAh battery. Therefore, the company is aiming to increase the battery performance by providing 2500 mAh battery for enhancing the battery performance to the new device (Estrada et al. 2012). As the company is aiming to increase display size, this feature will help the users to experience a lag free performance from the device. Application compatibility: Apple is manufacturing the products, which are supporting limited applications and most of the applications are paid for the users. Therefore, the software platform of the newly launched device will support many applications. Consumers will be able to download different applications from the Apple store after registering the devices (Leane et al. 2013). The major reason behind heading the maturity stage within short time is that the products of Apple are not comparable with most of the applications, which are available among the open source market. However, devices of apple are unable to support applications of open source market and therefore, the company is aiming to the improving the compatibility of the device for reducing the time of heading the maturity stage (Kralisch et al. 2013). Targeting new customer: The current device is consisting of various business class features such as document viewer, excel, word, PowerPoint and other applications. These applications are helpful for the business people among the targeted market. Now, the company will focus on a diversified target market by increasing product features (Sharifzadeh 2013). The newly launched version of iPhone S6 will be loaded with many features, which will facilitate the youth generation as well. Therefore, this product design will also attract various consumers of various social classes, which will increase profitability of the company. Impact of performance objectives on product design Performance objectives refer to the basic goals of an organization for building an effective product design. In case of Apple, the company has created the objectives for modifying the product design for Apple iPhone S6 Gold. In these objectives, the company is planning to incorporate innovation, which is effective for grabbing competitive advantages from the contemporary market (Zhang et al. 2014). Apart from that, the systematic process of performance objective is helping the company in getting successful outcome from the product design. Recommendations In order to introduce the product in existing market, Apple should identify the needs and requirements of the consumers for understanding changing trends of consumers. It will help the company in incorporating importance features to iPhone S6 Gold. Apart from that, Apple should improve the software platform for making the software more comparable with other devices. The major issue of Apple devices is that the devices are unable to communicate with other devices for security threat. In order to increase sales volume of the products, Apple should implement strategies for overcoming this constraint. Conclusion After preparing this report, it can be concluded that process design is the most important aspect, which an organization should consider for improving organizational profitability. Apart from that, modifying the process design is required for uplifting the product sales in competitive market. This assignment is showing how process design of iPhone S6 Gold can be modified to lead the product towards introduction phase from maturity stage. The evaluation of product lifecycle is emphasising that the company should be more innovative in terms of technological getting successful outcomes. Reference list Apple, U., 2016. Apple (United Kingdom). Apple. Available fom: https://www.apple.com/uk/ [Accessed on: 7 Mar. 2016] Davis, R., Tao, L., Scarlata, C., Tan, E.C.D., Ross, J., Lukas, J. and Sexton, D., 2015. Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbons: Dilute-Acid and Enzymatic Dekker, R., Bloemhof, J. and Mallidis, I., 2012. Operations Research for green logisticsAn overview of aspects, issues, contributions and challenges.European Journal of Operational Research,219(3), pp.671-679 Estrada, J.M., Kraakman, N.B., Lebrero, R. and Muoz, R., 2012. A sensitivity analysis of process design parameters, commodity prices and robustness on the economics of odour abatement technologies.Biotechnology advances,30(6), pp.1354-1363 Galindo, G. and Batta, R., 2013. Review of recent developments in OR/MS research in disaster operations management.European Journal of Operational Research,230(2), pp.201-211 Grbl, T., Walter, H. and Haider, M., 2012. Biomass steam gasification for production of SNGprocess design and sensitivity analysis.Applied Energy,97, pp.451-461 Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E.W., 2012. The future of operations management: an outlook and analysis.International Journal of Production Economics,135(2), pp.687-701 Hessel, V., Vural Grsel, I., Wang, Q., Noel, T. and Lang, J., 2012. Potential analysis of smart flow processing and micro process technology for fastening process development: use of chemistry and process design as intensification fields.Chemical Engineering Technology,35(7), pp.1184-1204 Kralisch, D., Staffel, C., Ott, D., Bensaid, S., Saracco, G., Bellantoni, P. and Loeb, P., 2013. Process design accompanying life cycle management and risk analysis as a decision support tool for sustainable biodiesel production.Green Chemistry,15(2), pp.463-477 Leane, M.M., Sinclair, W., Qian, F., Haddadin, R., Brown, A., Tobyn, M. and Dennis, A.B., 2013. Formulation and process design for a solid dosage form containing a spray-dried amorphous dispersion of ibipinabant.Pharmaceutical development and technology,18(2), pp.359-366 Ouattara, A., Pibouleau, L., Azzaro-Pantel, C., Domenech, S., Baudet, P. and Yao, B., 2012. Economic and environmental strategies for process design.Computers Chemical Engineering,36, pp.174-188 Schoenecker, P.M., Belancik, G.A., Grabicka, B.E. and Walton, K.S., 2013. Kinetics study and crystallization process design for scaleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ up of UiOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 66à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ NH2 synthesis.AIChE Journal,59(4), pp.1255-1262 Sharifzadeh, M., 2013. Integration of process design and control: A review.Chemical Engineering Research and Design,91(12), pp.2515-2549 Stoller, M., De Caprariis, B., Cicci, A., Verdone, N., Bravi, M. and Chianese, A., 2013. About proper membrane process design affected by fouling by means of the analysis of measured threshold flux data.Separation and Purification Technology,114, pp.83-89 Towler, G. and Sinnott, R.K., 2012.Chemical engineering design: principles, practice and economics of plant and process design. Elsevier Zhang, Q., Gong, J., Skwarczek, M., Yue, D. and You, F., 2014. Sustainable process design and synthesis of hydrocarbon biorefinery through fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing.AIChE Journal,60(3), pp.980-994

A Near Death Experience Essays

A Near Death Experience Essays A Near Death Experience Essay A Near Death Experience Essay How near have you come to deceasing? What value do you put on your ain life? Mary Oliver poses these really deep and challenging inquiries to the reader in her short verse form. ?Alligator Poem. ?In the verse form. the character has an experience in which she comes really close to decease: an alligator walks by her as she drank some H2O out of a river while sitting on a riverside. Oliver describes it in this manner: ?I didn’t understand/I drank up to the really minute it came/crashing toward me/its tail flailing/like a package of swords/slashing the grass/and the interior of its cradle-shaped mouth/gaping/and rimmed with dentitions and/that’s how I about died/of foolishness/in beautiful Florida. ?Clearly she has had a near-death experience. The linguistic communication used in depicting that transition shows true fright: ? tail flailing/like a package of swords/slashing the grass. ? This experience has exposed the character to the really existent possibilities of deceas e. This experience besides was most likely the persona?s foremost near-death experience. Oliver indicates this with the statement ? that?s how I about died/of foolishness/in beautiful Florida. ? People who have many near-death experiences normally ever exercising cautiousness in state of affairss that could be fatal. In this state of affairs. she walked straight up to the river bank and stuck her olfactory organ in. and started imbibing ( ? I didn?t understand/I drank up to the really minute it came? ) . The remainder of the verse form goes on to demo how the character changed and reacted from this near-death experience. She clearly takes a new value for life off from her first near-death experience: ? but about how I rose from the ground/and saw the universe as if for the 2nd time/the manner it truly is. ? The transmutation that she shows after the experience can be attributed to the new value that she places on life. which before the near-death experience was much lower. Most likely. she will exert cautiousness further in the hereafter. Another facet that the character takes off from this experience is her recognition of the life qualities of nature. Oliver explains this with the transition straight after the description of the metempsychosis: ? The H2O. that circle of shattered glass/healed itself with a slow whisper/and lay back/with the back-lit visible radiation of polished steel/and the birds. in the eternal waterfalls of the trees/shook open the snowy plaits of their wings. and drifted off. ?The character now sees populating value of nature. and how it is non simply inanimate objects. but a being merely like us. Before the near-death experience. the character of the verse form was blind to this truism. Unfortunately. it took a turn with decease to expose these facts. but it is every bit of import that she now understands this. This newfound value is already apparent in the persona?s life. Oliver makes certain to demo the persona?s transmutation in concrete inside informations: ? I reached out/I picked the wild flowers from the grass around me/blue stars/and reddish trumpets/on long green stems/for hours in my trembling custodies they glittered/like fire. ? The character picks the flowers and recognize their life qualities. hence the simile to fire in the last line of the verse form. The verse form contains many literary devices that Oliver uses to convey her message in the verse form. The full verse form is a amour propre. or drawn-out metaphor. for a rebirthing procedure. Oliver gives us the sightlessness in the beginning of the verse form ? when the character unwisely walks up to the riverside without any respect for the home ground of the animate beings that live in and around the river ( e. g. the alligator ) . and the possible hazards of an alligator brush ( e. g. decease ) . Next was the near-death experience. as the alligator crossed waies with the character. which caused the transmutation. Finally. the metempsychosis occurs. and the alterations in her life are happening every bit shortly as the metempsychosis happens. Clearly. Mary Oliver illustrates the rebirthing procedure in her verse form Alligator Poem. She attractively demonstrates this procedure with personification. amour propre. and metaphors. She is a great poet. and ?Alligator Poem? is a great illustration of her enormous organic structure of work. Plants Cited Oliver. Mary. Alligator Poem. 50 Great Poems and Short Stories. Random House. 1990.

Democracy through Platos Apology of Socrates essays

Democracy through Plato's Apology of Socrates essays America is the oldest democracy in the world. Withstanding a civil war, two world wars, and the not-so-distant cold war, America has proved that a democracy made "of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from this Earth" (Jefferson). However, this democratic society is not a society where those who reside here simply reap the benefits; there are many moral obligations of living in a democratic society. Just as our ancestors fought to create this land, we must fight for America, not with weapons, but by practicing justice, and more importantly, exercising the freedom we have to direct the government, through acts of protest, toward what we, as citizens, feel is right for this country. Plato's three pieces in the book, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, focused on the accusation, trial, and death of Socrates. Euthyphro focused on Euthyphro accusing his father of murder for killing a slave with enforces that justice needs to be for everyone, by everyone. The Apology focused on the trial and how Socrates tried to convince everyone he didn't not manipulate the youth. Lastly, in Crito, Socrates refuses to escape prison because he has been sentenced to death. This country is one that is founded on equal rights for all and justice for all. In Euthyphro, Euthyphro put his own father on trail for murder. While he is telling Socrates, who can't believe the claim, Socrates asks of the man Euthyphro's father killed, "Was this man ... A relative of yours? ... You would have never prosecuted your father for the murder of a stranger" (Plato 3). Socrates is wrong. Euthyphro did not care who the man his father killed was, he still killed someone. According to the Athenian law of the day, if you killed someone justly, it was OK, unjustly, it was murder. Euthyphro explains that when one man kills another "if unjustly, you must indict him for murder, even though he share your hearth and sit at your table" (Plato 4). Eut...

Marketing Management and Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Management and Strategies - Assignment Example The main focus of the hospitality sector is to adopt the differentiation strategy and technology focus to achieve competitive advantage. A lot of innovative practices are introduced and customer service and value added service play a major role in the hospitality industry. This paper will discuss the differentiation and technology focus strategies adopted in the hospitality enterprises. Some of the strategies used by hospitality enterprises to achieve competitive advantage include Strategic Planning, Market Research. Business Planning, Retail Growth Strategy, Meal Plan Strategy, Sourcing and Procurement Strategy, Concept Development, Health and Well-Being Strategy, Information Systems Strategy, Food Facilities Planning and Design. Accommodation and food services makes up about 8.1 percent of all employment. (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Employment in the accommodation and food services industries is predicted to grow 18% between 2002 and 2012, adding more than 1.6 million new jobs. (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Of the 8,740,000 total workers employed in the accommodation and food services industry in 2003, 5,343,000 works full-time (61%), while 3,397,000 work part-time (39%). (Annual average for 2003, according to the Current Population Survey, a joint project of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Census Bureau). ... - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004-05 Career Guide to Industries and Occupational Outlook Profit and average room rate at the UK's chain hotels continued to increase in November, according to the latest HotStats survey from TRI Hospitality Consulting. Across the total UK sample of 462 hotels, income before fixed charges (IBFC) - also known as gross operating profit - rose by 5.6 per cent to 52.81 per available room. Average room rate increased by 7.4 per cent to 95.03 in November, a similar rate of growth to the 7.2 per cent achieved during the year so far. In London, profit grew by 7.9 per cent to 82.19 per available room. London's hoteliers continued to achieve rate growth at near annual levels with an 8.9 per cent increase taking average room rate to a new high of 125.85. - Jonathan Langston, UK Chain Hotels Market Review November 2007 | TRI Hospitality, www.trihc.com Michael Porters Five Force Analysis Threat of New entrants: The Entry barriers include Capital The capital outlay needed for starting up the operation in this industry is huge ($60 - $70 million), since the leasing expenses and the taxes are high. The capital includes land and building, infrastructure etc. Labor: In this industry the retention rate is high when compared to the others because of the demand for the experienced chefs in the industry. Finding and Retaining skilled labor is a major issue for a new entrant. Tax Structure: Hoteliers have to bear huge taxes levied on them by the government for property, water, electricity etc. Beside the high entry barriers, new entrants in this industry are high in recent days. Threat of substitutes: The growth of Home business restricts travel to a certain extent. So

Morality of a Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Morality of a Foreign Policy - Essay Example securing the good of the community and not benefitting the individual member of the society. Morality is derived from a Latin word "mores", that means custom, habit or a way of life. For an act to be moral, there are three fundamental characteristics - foremost, universal allegiance, secondly, impartiality in all the acts and lastly, the act in itself should be self-enforcing. The implication of these elements is that moral values bind everyone to these norms, and irrespective of any one, it is applied to all perspectives and interests. Lastly, it should be through voluntary actions of the persons and not forced upon by any other. Ethics is doing what is right and refrain from doing what is wrong. And the good is determined by the norms that are applicable to that particular situation. The political issues involve complex public affairs, and competing moral values and dilemmas and not simple moral verdicts. Ethical reasoning and judgments in foreign policy making involves use of relevant morals and illuminations in managing foreign relations with other states. The issues such as fairness of the international economic order, justice of the global institutions, and international regimes etc. should be guided by rules, and institutions in light of moral norms (Amstutz, 2005). The politics among nations is governed by political Realism, the phenomenon that says that the society is governed by objective laws have its roots from the human nature. Since the political systems comprises of people, therefore, the societal laws of human beings are to always prevail in these systems. Any statesman should apply rational alternatives in meeting problems under all circumstances. Morality has multiple facets to a foreign policy. Foremost, morality helps in defining goals and purposes of states and other players. No specific policy directives are given, but direction and general vision to highlight the nation's vital interests is given by the moral rules governing the foreign policy. It establishes the limits for any policy measure to be taken and acted upon. Moreover, any policy is also judged on the basis of these pre specified norms for judging the acts of the nations. A moral foreign policy should address three instruments - the conscience of decision makers, the influence of domestic opinion, and the influence of international reputation. The domestic opinion is formed by the freedom of expression of the people - as judged by the media, interest groups, and nongovernmental and professional associations; whereas, global opinion influences the international reputation of the country by labeling it as a reliable and moral actor or not. Kantian Ethics is the deontological approach talks about seeking happiness and that everyone will try to achieve pleasure and gratification to lead to the happiness, but, achieving happiness does not always fall in the purview of our powers, and it is a matter of luck. Thus, under this philosophy, evaluation of international politics actions taken might deem to be right or wrong, and not depending on the consequences. Thus, rationality is based on how a certain action is performed and not what does it result. Therefore, under this theory acts of terrorism can be favored by saying that these are the law enforcement acts, irrespective of the

The U.S. a Guarantor and Challenger of the UN Security System Essay Example for Free

The U.S. a Guarantor and Challenger of the UN Security System Essay The United States of America, through its former president Franklin D. Roosevelt was the founding nation of the United Nations during world war two. The U. S. is one of the permanent member of the UN with veto powers and one of the five Security Council members as well as the major contributor of revenues to the UN, making it a true guarantor of the UN security system. However, since the formation of the UN, the organization has experienced various challenges in executing its duties as a global organization committed to maintaining peace and security, better living standards and human rights, particularly with the United States which has proved somehow to be a stumbling block in the organization effective operation, with the U. S. not respecting U. N. security council resolutions by taking advantage of its mighty economy, huge contribution to the organization and its permanent membership vetting powers to push the UN to comply with its selfish interests, by breaking the organizations security council resolutions hence bringing conflict between the U. S and other security council members. ( Global policy forum, 2008) The United Nations been an international organization, committed to maintaining international peace and security, handles a wide range of issues across the globe. It is best known for peacekeeping, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance; it requires huge finances to implement its duties. The organizations has a regular two-year budget and its specialized agencies (like UN security agency) are funded by assessments and voluntary contributions from member states. The organization budget is approved by the general assembly, which in addition determines the assessment for each member country, this is mainly based on the capability of each country to pay, although the organizations assembly adheres to its principle of not relying entirely on one member country to finance its operations, hence there is maximum amount which each country can contribute. However the U. S is the only member country that meets the maximum (ceiling rate) making it a true guarantor of the UN security system. In addition to funding the organization operations, the US is one of the five permanent security council members, hence it must participate in approving all peacekeeping and security operations, this a true indication that the U. S is a real guarantor of the UN security systems( Chicago council on global affairs, 2008) The U. S been one of the five permanent members of the UN security council and one of the only five countries recognized as nuclear-weapon states(NWS), it has a permanent representative in the security council hence the U. S participates in investigating any international dispute or any situation which mighty lead to international friction or cause a dispute, the U. S as a security council member take part in deciding what measures are to be taken in situations involving, threat to the peace and it is a stake-holder in recommending on the action to be taken to the concerned countries by either use of armed forces, to maintain and restore international peace and security. For instance the U. S was in the fore-front during the UN armed actions in Korea in 1950 during the Korean War, also the US was the main participant in the use of the coalition forces in Kuwait and Iraq in 1991, making it a true guarantor of the UN security system. (Creery, Janet, 1994) The U. S has been in the forefront as a guarantor and mediator of talks and processes for implementing comprehensive peace agreement needed to assist and bring both north and southern Sudan around one table, laid down their issues and give peace a chance. To understand the drivers of conflict and the gateway to sustainable peace in eastern Sudan, the U. S through its organization called the institute of peace and in partnership with other peace institutions like the Nairobi peace Initiative-Africa, the U. S funded a workshop entitled, Listening to East Sudan, a workshop aimed at assessing the social-economic stresses of the people of eastern Sudan, mobilizing responses in its relentless efforts to see peace and democracy prevail in Sudan (www. usip. org/resources/peacekeeping-and peace building-eastern Sudan) The most remarkable contribution of the United States to the United Nations system was during the Britton woods conference whose objective was to create a new, stable and predictable international monetary and trade regime. This new system opened world markets, promoted a liberal economy and paved way for the birth of different UN institutions like the World Bank and international monetary fund to assist in implementing UNs duties. The United States significantly supported the UN, through funding and other ways making the UN the first international organization to receive a huge financial support fro the U. S. this institutions among others are the building blocks of the UN hence the U. S is one of the financial cornerstones and a guarantor of the UN security systems. (Schweigman, David,2001) The United States has show remarkable efforts in its aggressiveness to see the whole world is at peace and there are no threats to any country. In its efforts to bring peace and sanity in this world, the country has sacrificed its expensive and high-tech military equipment and personnel, for instance in Afghanistan in its efforts to do away with terrorist and other terrorist groups like the Somalia pirates and militia groups such as the alshabab, an activity which is a security responsibility of organizations like the UN. Moreover, recently the whole world witnessed the U. S efforts in Kenya an African country where sometimes back experienced a very severe post-election violence, many innocent and poverty-stricken people including women and children as well as jobless youths lost their lives, the country has since independence experiencing bad leadership because of its outdated, colonial constitution, The US has been tireless in its effort to see the country come up with its people driven constitution, it has financed these process and it was just a few days when the country voted and endorsed a new constitution, a process which the U. S has been pushing for a very long time, hence the U. S has been an icon in maintaining international peace and security making it is a true guarantor of the UN security system because it is in fact executing some of the main UN roles(Samir, Alhawary, 2008) United States has been one of the main supporters of the UN, in various ways and even sometimes implementing some of the core functions of the organization, however, in some other various occasions, the unites States has been a bottleneck to the UN smooth and effective operation. Former U. S president, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the leader behind the establishment of the UN during world war two . He suggested to his allies especially, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin, the need for a joint organization which could become the primary vehicle for maintaining international peace and stability. Roosevelt was the one who came up with the idea of some member countries being granted veto powers, such that without the agreement of any member with veto powers the organization cannot execute any crucial resolution. The veto issue brought a lot of disagreements among different member states but it was not a matter of negotiation for Roosevelt and his allies, hence this is where the rain started biting the organization because even to date the U. S hardly respect the decision of other member countries and this has been a source of conflict between the U. S and other members who have been proposing the U. S to be chased out of the organization, this is a major challenge to the organization considering that the U. S is one of its faithful financers. (De Wet, Erika, 2004) Some member countries and mostly the United States have been pushing for various reforms to be carried out within the organization. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective way in the world affairs, others want its mandate to be reduced to humanitarian work, others have been calling for the expansion of the organizations security council memberships among other issues although there has been little consensus on how to handle all this issues. The United States has also been accusing the organization for been inefficiency, this has been a challenge to the organizations operation. The organization experienced on of its ground breaking challenge during the1990, when the U. S withheld its dues citing inefficiencies and only started repayment when its condition of major reform initiative was introduced in 1994, when the organizations general assembly established the office of internal oversight services to serve as a watch dog. | (American interests and UN reforms, 2006)

Herny Ford :: essays research papers fc

Henry Ford (1863-1947) Henry Ford was born in 1863 he is known as an American industrialist, and the pioneer of the automobile industry. It is said that Henry showed a great mechanical aptitude at an early age and left his father’s farm at the age of 16 to work as an apprentice in a Detroit machine shop. Henry returned to his home very soon after he left, but after many experiments with power-driven vehicles, he went to Detroit again and worked as a machinist and engineer with the Edison Company when he was 27. Henry continued working in his spare time as well, and in 1896 he completed his first automobile. Resigning 9 years later from the Edison Company he started up the Detroit Automobile Company. The company became much larger than Henry had ever imagined. But all did not work out as planed. He had many disagreements with his associates which forced Henry to organize a partnership with James Couzens, the Dodge brothers, and others, the Ford Motor Company was then formed. In 1907 he purchased the stock of most of his associates. The Ford family remained in control of the company. By cutting the costs of production, and soon adapting to the new conveyor belt and assembly line for automobile production, and by featuring an inexpensive, standardized car, Henry Ford was soon able to lead sales for all his competitors and become the largest automobile producer in the world. Henry soon came to be regarded as the â€Å"apostle of mass production†. In 1908 he designed the Model T. Almost 17 million cars were produced worldwide before the model was discontinued and a new design, the Model A was created to meet growing competition. The Ford Company had been highly publicized for paying wages considerably above the average. The Ford Company began in 1914 the year Henry created a sensation by announcing that in future his workers would receive $5 for an 8-hr day a profit sharing plan that would distribute up to $30 million annually among his employees. In 1915, in an effort to end World War I, he headed a privately sponsored peace expedition to Europe that failed dismally. After the American entry into the war he was a leading producer of ambulances, airplanes, munitions, tanks, and submarine chasers. In 1918 Henry ran for the U.S. Senate on the Democratic ticket but lost. Henry almost suffer a severe financial crisis in 1921, he began producing high-priced motor cars after this along with other vehicles and founded branch firms in England and in other European countries.

Case Study Illy Cafe

About Illy Company background and description The history of illycaffe is linked to the lives of the company's founder, Francesco Illy, and his family. Francesco in 1933 set up a business in the cocoa and coffee sector, and then decided to concentrate exclusively on coffee. Nowadays the illy group is made up of several companies located in North America, France, Germany, Spain and Benelux. Product Illy serves coffee to its customers. They insist on the fact that there are not selling basic coffees but the one which is a result of Scientifics’ research.They want to serve the best coffee due to a result of a long experience, knowledge of coffee biology and chemistry, very good skill at roasting, enabling technologies, and also a family’s entrepreneurial passion. They are also selling products which fit to the coffee world like, machines, capsules and also accessories. Revenue In 2007 turnover amounted to $221. 000. 000. In 2011 the turnover was $342. 000. 000. There is a real increase over the years. Customers 70% of its sales circuit cafes, hotels and restaurants, 20% for individuals and 10% in companies, these are illy’s customers.Illy has developed solutions for small restaurants, small hotels, cafes and other places of conviviality where coffee consumption is low but still want a perfect coffee. The company offers machines meeting the needs of its business customers. To match with its image of unique coffee Illy is increasing partnerships with the biggest names in tourism Meridien and Hyatt. The company also Illy customers offices, employees may have during their break espresso from the brand. To do this, Illy provides the I-Espresso and offers a complete range.Also Illy own its own bars called â€Å"Illy bar†, so the customer can go there and have a coffee in the company’s atmosphere. It is also possible to buy coffee brand for personal use at home. The website offers the purchase of cafe, cafe machine but also derivatives (eg cups). Most of its customers are the professionals (served in more than 50,000 public places) but Illy is developing the â€Å"Illy’s bar† to create an atmosphere for the company. Location Illycaffe was founded in Trieste in Italy. Nowadays the Illy group is a multinational organization that operates in more than 140 countries across the 5 continents.The main markets for Illy are US, Europe and Japan. Employees The company has about 700 employees. Industry With a turnover of â‚ ¬ 695 million and a growth of over 30% per year since 2001, the European leader in espresso is Nespresso. The level of competition that Illy faces differs according to the sectors, for example in the Hotel, Restaurant and Cafe sector the main competitors are Starbucks and Lavazza. Whilst in the coffee machines and coffee capsule systems the main competitor is Nespresso from Nestle group. The competition in both sectors is quite intense with Starbucks and Nestle having global reach.The adv antages these companies have over Illy are their vast economies of scale, stronger brands and higher customer reach. Mission and vision The mission: produce and deliver the best coffee that nature can offer for connoisseurs and those who will appreciate it with a special attention to methods of growing and processing the most suitable and sustainable. They want to create an emotional experience through the degustation of their coffee. The vision: being an innovative company, proud of its history rooted in the contemporary and future-oriented.Combine art, science and experience to offer the best products. They have for vision to be recognized as a world reference for coffee culture and excellence, ti be the first choice of professionals. The values: passion for excellence, the pursuit of perfection and ethics, the valuation of individual talent and teamwork. The desire to improve the lives of all those involved in the coffee chain. Attention to people and the environment. Illy Coffee : Alternatives Selection 1)Problem definition – how to become more responsible (=sustainable) coffee producer without losing the revenues/customers/quality.The original goal of Illy was to provide best coffee to customers, but the good quality coffee does not necessarily mean responsibly produced coffee. So many coffee growing countries use unethical growing practices which reduces the price of 1 kg of coffee from the farmer, but jeopardizes the company? s ethical image. Thus now Illy needs to balance three aspects – quality, profitability and ethical aspect, which is a difficult problem, since it involves the whole supply chain and for the company of such scale of operation to solve this problem will be extremely difficult (140 countries on 5 continents).Plus this challenge is also industry driven – all big coffee companies are moving towards sustainability of supply chain, and greater awareness of the customers about these issues nowadays can give a coffee com pany additional competitive advantage. 2)First of all before we outline alternatives and solutions, we need to clarify, what responsible coffee business means. Although â€Å"sustainability† has been defined in a variety of ways over the past several decades, the Brundtland Report (1987) has provided the most widely-accepted and enduring definition at the international level.According to the Brundtland report: â€Å"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.. In relation to coffee business Acting Responsibly involves a complex activity spread over whole supply chain: -Environmentally related: bear in mind environmental impacts of coffee production (â€Å"technified† or mono-culture growing practices impact, rain forests, pesticides, waste water and etc. -Social aspects: well-being of farmers and their families (minimum fair price limits, no price dumping, ch ild labor prevention) -Business-wise: when all actions and decisions taken are analyzed in terms of long-term goals of the company, current and future benefits for stakeholders and preserving viability of the company. With responsible business and supply chain model in mind a multinational like Illy might choose one of few alternative pathways: – -Marketing based approach – market the idea under a good â€Å"sauce† to your customers.Might involve working with few sustainable/ organic pilot farms and making public aware of this, or introducing your own quality standard, like own CAFE standard of Starbucks. This alternative does not involve additional costs, or reengineering of supply chain, it is more like exploitation of Responsible practices idea. But it might create additional revenues due to the fact that company can sell â€Å"responsible† coffee with even bigger price margin. Time wise this idea might be implemented quite quickly. -Supplier related a pproach.This involves responsible purchasing strategy – control and assessment on the level of bigger supply chain units – cooperatives/processing plants/exporters. Does not require complete reengineering of whole supply chain or additional costs related to separate farmers support/educational programs. More time consuming – selection, assessment of existing and new suppliers might take time. Does not really fit with Illy, since its strategy has always been close work with separate farmers. -From bottom to top strategy – every level of supply chain needs to be re-thought.Company needs to realize the importance of each individual farmer (f. ex through payment of Fair trade or responsible farming bonuses to ensure the sustainable existence of farmer communities), not only use quality control (Illy is already working with ISO quality control standards) but rather keep an eye on whole production and processing process. Moreowever, the efficiency of packing, l ogistics and transportation should be analyzed and improved – which will result in eliminating or reducing the costly, non-environmentally-friendly steps.But doing this Illy might incur additional costs (because now it will have to pay more for raw material), which can however be offset not at the expense of the â€Å"responsible† customer (who is ready to pay more for responsibly produced coffee), but rather through improving the efficiency of the whole supply chain, which will reduce the average COGS. This strategy involves extensive cooperation with all other stakeholders in coffee business – working on and adhering to commonly accepted quality and sustainability standards (like Fair Trade label, Utz coffee, RA and etc. , cooperation with local research institutes to introduce better and more sustainable farming practices for growers, or even bringing together all main players like Sara Lee, Nestle and the European branch of Kraft did in 2002 by creating of t he Common Code for the Coffee Community, a multi-stakeholder initiative aimed at increasing sustainability and responsibility awareness in the coffee sector. 3)While choosing the alternative, we have been guided by Illy? s strategy, code of conduct and long-term benefits of the decision to the company.We do not want any satisficing decision, we want to optimize the whole system – company has a lot of strengths, we can use them to build up more powerful structure. We want our customers to get only the best coffee, but we also want to do it responsibly. If there is any decision to be taken, which will involve not only additional costs or revenue growth, but also extensive long-run improvement of the whole business model, we will chose this decision. Meaning, that we will opt for alternative number 3. 4)Implementing the decision.Improve the technology and introduce Integrated Process management to cut production and logistics costs and reduce business complexity to offset the co sts of high quality coffee. The company buys coffee beans directly from farmers that reduce the higher prices in the spot market. The shipping and the supply of coffee beans from farmers to the company is carried out by company under strict supervision and inspections. This shows that the bargaining power of suppliers is low with company’s commitments to provide higher quality coffee to the customers.There is a need to create a strategy for the developing economies especially the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) which will in future become key markets. A safe bet would be to create an alliance with a local partner who has expertise in the local markets, cultures and politics for example in India and China which are very big geographically, population-wise and culture-wise the local partner will add immense value in launching and growing the Illy products in a way that best suits that particular market. 5)Results Evaluation – might be performed in several steps.O n one hand, we will analyse the actual performance – if the revenue and market share is growing, if COGS are decreasing due to better efficiency, this means the strategy has been chosen and implemented right. On the other hand we need to understand the degree of customer awareness of our strategy – that means answering the question: did all these changes happen because we turned to more responsible business, or it was just due to other favourable factors†¦In this case customer opinion must be collected and analysed.Competitors’ reaction and Illy’s response: What can the competitors do? There is a wide variety of ways – from fair competition by improving the quality or reducing the price to unfair battle, consisting for example of running a systematic smear and defamatory campaign against a competitor, both directly and indirectly (on the internet and through certain machine distributors), designed to put consumers off buying Illy? s coffee.Som e competitors try to do their own investigation to uncover the unsustainable practices within supply chain (sometimes a company itself has no idea what sub-sub-suppliers are doing) and make sure that it leaks to social networks. Illy should in its turn double-check the standards and practices within its supply chain to avoid bad rumor spread, and be proactive – have active campaign in social media to create awareness of its brand and customers’ loyalty. SWOT Tangible Product: The product which is coffee is very fine.So the foundation of the brand which is the basic product is solid Basic Brand: Illy brand is is a red background with white lettering. You will also find Illy in plain bold red lettering. I believe is to attract the attention of the people. This logo has been used since (1980). The core elements for Illy are a strong brand name, high quality, attractive packaging and design The Augmented brand: Illy has added value to their brand by selling fresh beans in sealed cans, also giving the consumer the option to have it grind whether they want it bold, decaffeinated, caffeinated. hey also have tablet which goes inside espresso machines sold in any illy location. . The main factor is that along with high quality the brand is also associated with high price and hence is getting restricted to a niche market only The Potential Brand: When consumers only rely their morning coffee on the Illy brand than Illy has made their mark, even though in many other key markets like Italy it has been a major success, but it still needs to win other important key market like Japan and China.There are in all six products that will be analysed here, premium coffee, coffee pods for machines, ready to drink canned coffee, Agrimontana, the confectionary products, Domori the chocolate business and Dammann Feres the tea brand. Leader: Coffee Try Harder: All the small brands come under this sector but mainly the pods of coffee business Double or Quit: Coke has partn er up with the Illy brand to make up a canned coffee business in which the coffee will be sold to the consumer.Custodial: Is similar to the cash cow concept in BCG, this would be the chocolate business Cash Generator: this is undoubtedly the premium coffee business Phased withdrawal: this is a difficult one to point but it seems the confectionary business is the most likely candidate as it is not generating as much growth or profits as it should Divest: Again a difficult one but once again the wine or confectionary products in the Illy portfolioKey Points Analysis â€Å"Illy has a strong brand and is associated with high quality and premium pricing! † The company has shown impressive growth despite recession The key strategic partnerships like the one with Coca Cola company for canned coffee are proving to be the real winners The group needs to focus its attention on the sister brands and needs to extend the well-established Illy rand image to these sister concerns There is a n urgent need to improve the sales and awareness of the sister companies The company applies to its R, supply chain and marketing expertise to grow its coffee products like coffee pods and machines There is a need to create a strategy for the developing economies especially the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) which will in future become key markets The company needs to constantly re-invent the ways to sustain customer interest in its brand and its products, just like the Universita del caffe. † Strenghts: Strong retail store operations:50,000+: events in which illy is involved annually worldwide and more than 6 million cups are consumed each day. -Wide geographic presence: 140: countries where illy is available -Top-quality final product: 4: major certifications for quality and sustainability, 4: company-founded research facilities, 4 of 8: major worldwide coffee industry innovations, This is a known and appreciated throughout the world for high quality and unique tast e. The company has followed a strategy, which has a high focus on quality and consistency of their products -Experience: created in 1933 Innovation : The first,pressurized packaging, came in 1934, just one year after the company’s founding. By adding inert nitrogen gas under pressure, an oxygen-free environment forms as illy cans are sealed, preserving essential aromas and promoting mingling of coffee’s naturally occurring oils. Result: coffee that not only stays fresher longer than under any other packaging method, but whose flavor is actually enhanced over time by its surroundings. The second, came just one year later, in 1935: the Illetta, precursor of the modern espresso machine that, for the first time, separated pressure and heating elements.Result: espresso that is consistently round, rich and balanced, not bitter or burnt-tasting. 1974 saw illy’s third revolutionary invention: pre-tamped, pre-dosed, expertly ground espresso in single serve paper pods. Re sult: delightful espresso in reach of anyone, anywhere – at home, at the office, or at a favorite cafe or restaurant. The system, called ESE (Easy Serving Espresso) became an industry standard. – Another strength is the strong supply chain right from the coffee bean farmers to the suppliers, Illy has maintained strict quality control and good relations creating value for everyone involved.Weaknesses: sluggish growth rate / Investments needed (coffee machines that support the proprietary Opportunities: -Business expansions: Gruppo illy includes: †¢Domori – premium chocolate (acquired July 2006) †¢Dammann Freres – the legendary French purveyor of tea (March 2007) †¢Mastrojanni – critically lauded winery in Montalcino, Italy – (September 2008) †¢Agrimontana – high- quality jams and marron glace (stake acquired December, 2005) -Rising hotel and food service industry in Italy : Rising trends in coffee exports : 56%: sha re of illy coffee enjoyed outside of Italy, 200+: espressamente illy coffee bar locations worldwide -10% rate growth market -Been recognized from the market as the dominating market -Scientific research : genetics, agronomy, botany, physics, mathematics, chemistry, biochemistry, biology, engineering, physiology and psychology. All areas explored in the four laboratories illy. -Quality and sustainability : Sustainability has three-fold implicationsat illy: economic, social and environmental. Ready to drink coffee business partnering with Coca Cola will attract global customers and create newer segments for the company's products -There is a need to create a strategy for the developing economies especially the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) which will in future become key markets. Threats : -Highly competitive market : Key competitors : Caffee Negro Group, Luigi Lavazza, Segafredo Zanetti, Starbucks Corporation -Risk of battle in dominating the market by multinationals : Nesp resso -Economic crisis : Most of the global markets including nearly all the major markets that Illy perates in have suffered from recent credit crisis and economic downturn -While expanding globally the major risk involved is the supply of high quality premium coffee beans -The inconsistency in the growth of the sister brands and their chare in the portfolio creates a real threat of losing these brands at some point if they get totally overshadowed by the coffee business. At this point, Illy needs to consider the growth rate and growing strategies of these newly acquired brands to keep them profitable.